Stellar Magnitude vs. Distance Calculator
PHP Program by Jay Tanner

A body with apparent stellar magnitude:
m1 =    at distance   d1 =   units  


Would have the apparent stellar magnitude:
m2 =    at distance   d2 =   units  
 Computed unknown d2  =  353183.169792   units

ENTER ONLY THREE KNOWN VALUES and LEAVE THE UNKNOWN VALUE BLANK.  This program will then compute and display the unknown value from the three given known values.  The body can be a star, planet, asteroid, etc., - any object to which we apply the stellar magnitude system.  The distance can be taken as being in any convenient, units, such as kilometers, miles, AUs, light years, etc., whatever you decide the units represent as long as both d1 and d2 use the same units. 

Apparent Stellar Magnitude With Respect to Distance

Using the following equations, we can mathematically move a star around in space and compute its apparent brightness at any given distance from any given known starting values.  This also allows us to mathematically compare the relative brightness of any two stars side-by-side at any common distance.  For example, we might wish to compute how bright a star our sun would appear to be in the sky of a planet orbiting a star 125 light years away or how the brightness of the sun would compare with another star, side-by-side, at any given distance.

NOTE:
  • These equations were not meant for extreme distances, like far beyond our own galaxy.  Distances that extreme require special, sometimes complicated corrections outside the scope of this simple program.  Here, space is being treated as 'crystal-clear' and free of any obscuring dust or gas.
Let:
m1  =  Apparent magnitude of a star as viewed from distance d1
m2  =  Apparent magnitude of the same star as viewed from distance d2

The distance can be in any convenient units, such as AUs, light years, etc.

The relationship between apparent magnitude and distance may be expressed in terms of any of the four variables according to the following equations where each variable is defined in terms of the other three.

Using any convenient units of distance, the general mathematical relationship between stellar magnitude and distance may be expressed as:


Eq. 1


From which it follows that:

Eq. 2



Eq. 3



Eq. 4



Eq. 5


The Basic Mathematics Of The Stellar Magnitude Ranking System


Stellar magnitude 3 is fainter than magnitude 1, which may seem odd at first glance.  This is because stellar brightness is generally measured in units referred to as magnitudes, which are analogous to ranks.

1st magnitude is to 3rd magnitude as 1st prize is to 3rd prize.  This is why magnitude 1 is brighter than magnitude 3 and magnitude 0 is even brighter than magnitude 1 and magnitude −1 is even brighter yet!

Given a set of stellar magnitudes, the object with the greatest numerical value is always the faintest of the set and the lowest magnitude value indicates the brighest object.  Negative magnitudes always indicate very bright objects, for example, sun at -26.74, the full moon at -12.5, or Venus at -4.5, etc.  An asteroid may have a magnitude such as +10, which is very faint and Pluto even fainter at magnitude +14, which is extremely faint.  For comparison, the star Vega (alpha Lyrae) is often cited as a general example of a star of 0 (zero) magnitude.

Here, the distances to the stars can be ignored.  We do not need to think about the distances when simply ranking stars by their relative apparent brightness in the sky as we see them from Earth.  However, when we start to move around in space or compare stars to each other, as if side-by-side, then we will have to consider their distances too.

The stellar magnitude system is designed mathematically so that a difference of exactly 5 magnitudes equates to an apparent brightness ratio (b) of exactly 100-fold.  It is a base-10 logarithmic system of astronomical brightness scaling analogous to the Richter or decibel scales used to measure energy intensity.

The general relationship between apparent difference in magnitude vs apparent ratio in brightness may be expressed by the simple equation


Eq. 6

Numerical Example of Computing the Brightness Ratio Between Two Objects

Given the apparent magnitudes of two astronomical objects (e.g, stars, planets, etc.), Equation 6 computes their comparative brightness ratio.

Let:

M1 = -3.832 = Magnitude of brighter object
and
M2 = +4.837 = Magnitude of fainter object
and
k = 2.5118864315095801 = 5th root of 100

The brightness ratio (b) between the brighter and fainter object can be found by: 
dm  =  (m2) − (m1)  =  (+4.837) − (-3.832)  =  +8.669

b   =  k ^ (+8.669)  =  2934.945222
This means that an object with magnitude -3.832 is about 2934.9 times brighter than
an object of magnitude +4.837

Jay Tanner - PHP Science Labs 2024 - v2.60